Process by which a base is somehow modified to produce a new lexical item.
Base: form to which a rule of word formation is applied. NATIONAL NATIONALIZATION. CAREFUL CAREFULNESS
Stem: part of the word remaining after every affix has been removed. NATION. CARE.
3 processes of word-formation:
affixation Base + prefix
Base + suffix
Compounding: adding one base to another football
Conversion assigning the base to a different word-class
PREFIXATION
DEFINITION: prefixes are particles which can be added before the base, but which have no independent existence.
AMORAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
They are semi-independent:
Phonetically, the prefixes don´t vary:
Undo /An´du/
Have some stress (but –a)
,de´frost
rarely alter the word-class of the base:
overdone
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NEGATIVE |
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UN |
Not |
Undone Unfair Unrevealed Unusual |
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DIS |
Not |
Displaced Dislike Dishonest |
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NON |
Not |
Non-conformist Non-stop Nonsense |
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IN IL IR IM |
Not |
Insane Illegal Irreverent Impolite |
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A(N) |
Lacking of |
Amoral Aseptic Anormal |
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REVERSATIVE OR PRIVATIVE |
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UN- |
Reverse action |
Untie Undo Uncurl |
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DIS- |
Reverse action |
Disconnect Discoloured Discontent |
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DE- |
Reverse action |
Defrost Deforest |
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PEJORATIVE |
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MIS |
Wrongly |
Misleading Misunderstand Mislead |
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MAL |
Bad |
Maladapted |
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PSEUDO |
False |
Pseudo-scientific Pseudo-intelligence |
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OF DEGREE OR SIZE |
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ARCH |
Highest |
Archduke Arch-enemy |
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SUPER |
Better |
Superman Supermarket supernatural |
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OUT |
Better |
Outrun Outlive Outgrow |
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OVER |
Too much |
Overdone Overdress Overbooking |
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SUR |
Over, above |
Surtax Surcharge Surpass |
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HYPER |
Very |
Hypercritical Hyperactive |
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ULTRA |
Very |
Ultra-violet Ultra-violence |
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MAXI |
Large |
Maxi-skirt |
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UNDER |
Too little |
Undercook Undertax Undervalue Underpay |
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SUB |
Less than |
Subhuman Subnormal |
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MINI |
Little |
Mini-skirt |
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OF ATTITUDE |
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CO |
With |
Cooperate Coproduction |
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COUNTER |
Against |
Counteract Counter-revolution |
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ANTI |
Against |
Anti-american Antiracist Antinuclear |
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PRO |
For |
Pro-vietnam Pro-abort |
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LOCATIVE |
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SUPER |
Over |
Superstructure |
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SUB |
Under |
Subway Subconscious |
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INTER |
Between, among |
Interaction International |
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TRANS |
across |
Transplant Transnational Transatlantic |
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TIME AND ORDER |
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FORE |
Before |
Foretell |
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PRE |
Before |
Precaution Pre-war Pre-marital |
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POST |
After |
Post-war Post-marital Post-date |
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EX |
Former |
Expresident Exhusband |
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RE |
Again |
Rebuild Reconstruction Regain |
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NUMBER |
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UNI MONO |
One |
Mono-directional Mono-theism Uni-directional Uni-sex |
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BI DI |
2 |
Bicycle Bilingual Dichotomy Digamy |
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TRI |
3 |
Tripartite Triangle Traident |
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MULTI POLY |
Many |
Multi-function Multi-coloured Multi-form Polysillabic Polyphonic Polysemi |
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CONVERSION PREFIXES |
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BE |
Form verbs |
Bewigged (que lleva peluca) Bewitch fascinar, encantar Becalm calmar Bedazzle deslumbrar |
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EN |
Form verbs |
Endanger Enwrap (envolver) Entwist enroscar Entail |
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A |
Adjectives |
Ashore Afloat Aboard |
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OTHER |
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AUTO |
Self |
Autobiography |
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NEO |
New |
Neo-platonism |
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PAN |
All |
Pan-american |
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PROTO |
First, original |
Proto-type |
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SEMI |
Half |
Semicircle |
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VICE |
Deputy |
Vicepresident |
SUFFIXATION
DEF: suffixes are particles which can be added after the base to form a new word, but which have no independent existence.
Suffixes: semantic value
Inflections:grammatical value (er, s, ed ing)
CHARACTERISTICS:
Alter the word-class of the base.
Haven´t distinct meaning of his own.
Modify (-ish), or convert (-ness)
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TO FORM NOUNS |
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OCCUPATIONAL |
DIMINUTIVE OR FEMENINE |
STATUS, DOMAIN, ETC |
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STER EER |
Ocupation |
Gangster Engineer |
LET |
SMALL |
STARLET |
HOOD |
STATUS |
BROTHERHOOD CHILDHOOD |
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ER |
Profession Inhabitant |
Banker NYer |
ETTE |
SMALL, COMPACT IMITATION FEMALE |
CIGARETTE FLANNELETTE (imitation of flannel) USHERETTE (azafata) |
SHIP |
STATUS |
FRIENDSHIP DICTATORSHIP HARDSHIP |
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ESS |
FEMALE |
WAITRESS |
DOM |
DOMAIN, COLLECTIVITY |
KINGDOM CHRISTANDOM |
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Y |
FAMILIAR CONTEXTS |
DADDY |
CRACY |
GOVERNMENT |
PLUTOCRACY DEMOCRACY ARISTOCRACY |
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LING |
YOUTH |
DUCKLING NURSELING SEEDLING WEAKLING (CANIJO) |
RY |
BEHAVIOUR COLLECTIVITY |
SLAVERY MACHINERY NURSERY |
NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
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ITE |
MEMBER OF |
ISRAELITE, STALINITE |
OTHER |
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AN |
BELONGING TO |
INDONESIAN REPUBLICAN JAMAICAN |
ING |
SUBSTANCE OF BASE |
Panelling Shipping |
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ESE |
NATIONALITY |
CHINESE PORTUGHES |
FULL |
amount |
Mouthfull Handfull |
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ISM |
MOVEMENT |
IDEALISM COMMUNISM |
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IST |
OCCUPATION ATTITUDE |
SOCIALIST NOVELIST IDEALIST |
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DEVERBAL |
DE-ADJECTIVAL |
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ER OR |
AGENTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL |
DRIVER SAILOR |
NESS |
STATE QUALITY |
HAPPINESS |
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ANT |
AGENTIVE INSTRUMENTAL |
INHABITANT DISINFECTANT |
ITY |
STATE QUALITY |
FELICITY SANITY |
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E E |
PASSIVE |
EMPLOYEE ADDRESSEE |
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ATION |
STATE ACTION |
EXPLORATION ORGANIZATION |
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MENT |
STATE ACTION |
ARRANGEMENT AMUSEMENT |
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AL |
ACTION |
TRIAL REFUSAL |
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ING |
ACTIVITY |
DRIVING PAINTING BOXING WRESTLING |
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AGE |
ACTIVITY |
DRAINAGE COINAGE |
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TO FORM VERBS |
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VERY FEW |
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IFY |
CAUSATIVE |
SIMPLIFY CLARIFY |
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IZE |
CAUSATIVE |
POPULARIZE ORGANIZE |
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EN |
CAUSATIVE |
STRENGTHEN WIDEN DEAFEN |
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TO FORM ADJECTIVES |
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FROM NOUNS |
IN NEO CLASSICAL WORDS |
OTHER |
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FUL |
Having |
Useful |
AL, |
CRIMINAL EDITORIAL MUSICAL |
ABLE |
PASSIVE |
READABLE RELIABLE |
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LESS |
Not having |
Homeless |
IC |
HEROIC ARABIC |
ED |
GAVING |
POINTED SHAPED |
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LY |
Having |
Manly heavenly Cowardly |
IVE |
SENSITIVE AFIRMATIVE ACTIVE |
FOLD |
MULTIPLIED BY |
MANYFOLD TWOFOLD |
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LIKE |
Having |
Ladylike |
OUS |
AMBITIOUS MARVELLOUS SPLENDOROUS |
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Y |
Like |
Creamy Shinny |
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ISH |
Belonging to |
Reddish Youngish |
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IAN |
In the tradition of |
darwinian |
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TO FORM ADVERBS |
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LY |
HAPPILY |
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WARDS |
BACKWARDS |
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WISE |
SIDEWISE |
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COMPOUND WORDS
DEFINITION: combination of two or more words functioning as a unit.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Occurs among all parts of speech, with the exception of articles.
Spelling:
Washing machine flower pot
Tax-free flower-pot
Toothache flowerpot
Stress:
´black,bird (species of bird)
,black´bird (a bird which is black).
The meaning cannot always be deduced from the separate meaning of its parts.
Quirk hot dog ?
GROUPS
APPOSITIONAL
Fellow travellers
Neighbour kings
Menservants
womenservants
TITLE-NAME
Mr. Johnsons
TITLE-TITLE
Lords lieutenants
Knight templars
SUBST-ADJ
Iron maiden
SUBST-PREP-SUBST
Sons in law, men at work
Jack in the boxes, slug a boxes
ADJ-PREP-SUBST
Good for nothings
Light o´loves
VERB – ADVERB/PREP
Breaks down
Breaks away
Cut offs
Go betweens
Shakedowns
VERBAL NOUN –ER +ADVERB
Bringers up
Lookers on
Standers by
VERBAL NOUN –ING + ADVERB
VERB + OBJECT
Overalls
Afternoons
At homes
OTHER VERB PHRASE COMPOUNDS
Merry-go-rounds
Stay-at-homes
Thank yous
FULL
Handfuls
Bagfuls
Spoonfuls
AND
Whiskey(s) and sodas
White and greys
OTHERS
Nothing elses
What nots