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Topic 66 – Cultural dimension of english in the present world. British english and american english. Presence of the english language in spain. Anglicisms

In the 20th, the expansion of technology and commerce, made necessary the existence of an international language (a lingua franca). This language has been English, for several reasons, among them, the economical power of US.

Being English the accepted international language of technology and commerce, the need of knowing the English language grew.

English for Occupational Purposes

English for Academic Purposes

2 ENGLAND AND COLONIALISM

English has been favoured by both Empires to the point of achieving a prominent place among the languages of the world.

It is worth listing just a few of the former British colonies:

North America (between the Mississippi and the East Coast)

India

Canada

Australia

South Africa

Zimbawe

Sudan (anglo-egiptian)

Ascension

Lesotho

Etiopia (abysinnia)

antigua Barbados, bahamas, bermudas, nevis, st kitts, st lucia, st vincent, , martinica, dominica, granada, montserrat, tobago, tortola, jamaica.

AMERICAN SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

American English continues the tradition of the decayed British Empire. It wields considerable authority in many parts of the world:

Western europe advertising

Middle east military and political aid

Far east ” ” ”

Third country economical aid

South african universities.

POLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH

English not confined to the English speaking countries.

India: much of the political debate, conducted in English.

Many politicians of whatever nationality find it useful to have English as a 2L.

So political ideas are more easily disseminated from the native English speaker to the non-native English speaker.

Charles DeGaulle, whose English was almost perfect refused to use it in negotiations. He used an interpreter. Otherwise he would be in disadvantage.

On the other hand, Am and Eng have obstinately refused to learn other languages. For example, no American officer nor diplomat in Vietnam spoke any Vietnamese before 1968. The Vietnamese learnt English, while they couldn´t speak French, though they had been a French colony.

Elsewhere in the Far East, (Philippines, for example), English is now essential for political success.

Governments have also realised the importance of English. The former Soviet Union, had its English language programmes beamed across the world. China has a daily English paper.

USA is present in international politics through the NATO and the UNO, where English is the official language for communication and negotiations.

Other means of English language transmission is advertising, music, and cinema……

Scientific and technological publications mainly in English…. ?

BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

Phonetic differences

Pronunciation of /r/:

In words like for, door, farm, lord,

Br: fricative

Am: silent

Syncope

Tendency to syncope in Br:

Military, lavatory (3 syllables in Br)

Opening sound represented by tue grapheme –o-

Dock, fog, hot, not: /a/

Sound /t/:

Unstable in Am

Metal, matter à medal, madder

Got to à gotta

Twenty à /tweni/

Going to à gonna

/ju:/ à /u:/ (Am)

/stju:dent/ à/stu:dent/

Nasalization:

Soft palate droop while speaking.

Syntactic differences

I told him be here tomorrow Am

That he should Br

One cannot succeed unless oneBr/heAm tries hard.

Morphological differences:

Am gotten (when “obtain”)

Phrasal verbs:

Br Am

Different from different than

Speak to speak with

Check up check out

Lexical differences:

Indian borrowings:

Canoe, moccasin, sequoia, manitou, totem, tomahawk, igloo

French borrowings:

Pumpkin, brioche, dime, bureau

Spanish borrowings:

Marijuana, burro, bronco, bonito, corral, hacienda, rodeo, bonanza, coyote, patio, desperado, sombrero,

Hoosegow (juzgado)

Dutch borrowings:

The aggressive English colonists dispossessed Holland of its North American territories, in 1664.

Cookie, waffle, Yankee, Santa Claus, snoop, dumb(stupid)

German borrowings:

Enormous immigration of citizens of German origin:

Delicatessen, frankfurter, hamburguer, poker, lager beer

New political institutions:

Congressman, state house, land office, lynch law

Obsolescence and disappearance:

Am Br

Radio wireless

Soft drinks minerals

Toilet lavatory

Raincoat mackintosh

Spelling differences

Br

Am

Colour

Favour

Honour

Labour

Color

Favor

Honor

Labor

Centre

Metre

Theatre

Center

Meter

Theater

Programme

Catalogue

Cheque

Program

Catalog

Check

Traveller

Jewellery

Through

Traveler

Jewelry

thru

Defence

Offence

Practice

Defense

Offense

Practise

(non-standard forms)

u2, 4, cul8r

PRESENCE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE SPANISH LANGUAGE

ANGLISCISMS…

In the field of economy

Ticket, marketing, holding, leasing, stock

Woolite

Baron dandy

Close up

Trident

Lucky strike

Chesterfield

Marlboro

Spray, ropa sport, sandwich, cheeseburguer, light

Margaret´s shop

Body shop

Pub

Self-service

Snack-bar

….in the technological field

hardware, software, deletear, formatear, slot, pc, interface, bit, compact disc…….

on/off, play, hi-fi…..

jet, missile, laser, radar,

sports

cricket, boxeo, basket, football, voleiball…..

tv films music

pretty woman, startreck, ghsot busters, et,

evidence, suggestion, solía, scenery (death of a salesman)

lp, single, cd, dj, video clip, fuzz, wha wha

sociological loans:

christmas cards, valentine´s day, papa noel, whistling when beautiful woman,

drugs:

yonki, tripi, enganchado esnifar

necessary loans

no spanish equivalent:

boicotear, taxi, coctel, mitin, sueter, flash

unnecessary loans:

Planta instead of

Fábrica

Romance

Amorío

Concreto

Cemento

Simpatía

Comprensión

Administración

Gobierno

Rentar

Alquilar

Oriente medio

Cercano oriente

Reportar

Informar

Graduado

Licenciado

Década

Decenio

Versátil

Polifacético

Privado

Particular

Usualmente

Normalmente

Snobbery

Hall

Living

Cake

Film

Swimming pool

Spelling:

Unacceptable:

Doubled vowels:

Jeep, meeting, pedigree

Scooter, boom, footing

Doubled consonants:

Cassette Jazz Hippy rimmel hobby

Consonant clusters:

Crack, hockey, show, shock, fútbol, rugby, hotdog, sketch, bestseller

Acceptable:

Same: manager, jersey, transistor, detective, laser radar

Modified for commercial reasons: nesquik, greip, baygon,

Acceptable by addition: bat ear, boicot ear, bloq ear, box ear,

Film ar, pivot e, reporter o, wat io

By elimination: estándar d, flas h, t h ermo, coct ai l, go a l,

Pronunciation

The same

Rockers, espray

Imitation

Beicon, footing, leader, bai bai, sweater

S+consonant

Esmith

Eslip

Eslogan

Non-lexical anglicisms:

Compounds: fútbol club, pepe´s bar, electro-shock (shock eléctrico),

Use of the wrong preposition: por un año, desde hace un año, esperando por mi (me)

Orden de palabras: acción a tomar, curso a seguir, entrada al,

Subject at the beginning: los clubes de fútbol también han protestado.

Pasiva 2: los estudiantes han sido recomendados que…

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